The foundations, origins, and development of political jurisprudence among the Imamis

Abstract

This research explores the historical development of political jurisprudence among the Imamis, as the study of the historical dimension reflects the practical implementation of the juristic vision in the political sphere. The positions of the jurists varied in their level of political involvement, shaped at times by prevailing political circumstances and at other times by their jurisprudential vision. Examination of their political participation reveals a wide range of approaches: some jurists limited their role to remote guidance, such as Sheikh al-Saduq and the First Martyr (may Allah elevate their ranks); others operated in close proximity to ruling authorities, taking on advisory roles, as with Allama al-Hilli (may his soul rest in peace) with Sultan Khudabanda, and Muhaqqiq al-Karaki during the Safavid period. At other times, jurists actively sought to reshape political systems, as in the constitutional movement theorized by Sheikh al-Naeini (may his soul rest in peace). Conversely, certain scholars opposed political movements they perceived as threats to Islam, such as the “autocrats” who resisted the constitutional movement after communists and secularists dominated the Iranian parliament.